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应对雾霾天气机动车减排的两大短期举措
关键词： 中国 北京 双语 空气 污染 健康 雾霾 机动车 污染物 排放 PM2.5
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编者按：过去的一周，在恶劣的天气条件下，北京和中、东部地区很多城市都经历了严重的空气污染。数个空气质量监测点都出现PM2.5爆表的情况。这种前所未有的严重污染引发了国内外媒体的广泛关注和报道，很多市民也表达了对恶劣空气质量的不满。国际清洁交通委员会高级研究员Vance Wagner撰文提出，应对雾霾天气机动车减排的两大短期举措。
国际清洁交通委员会高级研究员Vance Wagner提出，在短期内，两项举措可以大幅改善北京乃至全国的空气质量。
第一，即刻出台新的油品质量标准和配套财税激励以保证硫含量低于10ppm的柴油在全国范围内供应和使用。因为高硫燃油会令车辆尾气后处理装置“中毒”而无法正常发挥减排作用，改善油品质量尤其是硫含量是实施更严格机动车尾气排放标准的先决条件。2011年，在《国务院关于加强环境保护重点工作的意见》中提出要运用经济激励来加快高品质燃油的供应。但迄今为止，具体的激励政策措施还未出台。新的油品质量标准卡在了征求意见阶段，目前全国范围的柴油硫含量仍停留在350ppm或以上。燃油硫含量标准的滞后严重阻碍的严格车辆尾气标准的实施，成为了车辆尾气减排的绊脚石。
第二，确保国IV重型车排放标准能今年按时实施。中国下一阶段重型车排放标准国IV标准（相当于欧IV）将分别减少30％和80％重型柴油车PM和NOx排放。但因必需的低硫柴油在全国范围内得不到供应，环保部不得不两次推迟了实施这一标准的时间表。目前这一标准推迟到2013年7月1日实施。有关部门需要同时推进严格的油品标准和车辆排放标准。
机动车减排的中长期举措
以上提到的短期举措还不足以根治中国长期的机动车排放问题。上个月，中国在《重点区域大气污染防治“十二五”规划》中提出了一系列强有力的区域空气质量改善措施。虽然规划列出的多项措施较过去有了长足的进步，但并未提出中国中长期机动车减排的关键一步，即建立一个明确的引入全球最先进车辆尾气排放标准（国6或欧6）的全国性时间表 。只有实施这些标准，污染最严重的道路车辆包括重型柴油货车和客车才能安装上至少能减排99％颗粒物排放的颗粒物过滤装置。
2 Steps to Control Motor Vehicle Emissions
Editor‘s notes: Earlier January, several consecutive days of smoggy weather choked Beijing’s air, as readings for PM2.5, or airborne particles measuring less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, exceeded maximum reading levels in many areas throughout the city.
Vance Wagner, a senior researcher with the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), proposed two steps in cutting vehicle emissions would make a near-term difference in improving air quality in Beijing and throughout China.
The first step is to issue new fuel quality standards with supporting fiscal policies. This will reduce nationwide diesel sulfur levels to below 10 parts-per-million (ppm).
"In 2011, China's State Council announced that preferential fiscal policies would be utilized to encourage the supply of higher quality fuels nationwide. However, these fiscal policies have not yet been issued; a new fuel quality standard is stalled in the review phase; and nationwide diesel fuel sulfur levels continue to stagnate at unacceptable levels of 350ppm or higher. Resolving the fuel quality issue is a critical step to facilitate continued progress in vehicle emission control in China," he explained.
The second step is to ensure that the IV truck and bus emission standards are implemented this year without further delays.
China's next stage nationwide tailpipe emission standard for trucks and buses, called "China IV" (equivalent to "Euro IV"), aims to cut emissions of PM and NOx from diesel vehicles by 30% and 80%, respectively. However, since these vehicles need to be fueled with higher quality fuel which is not yet supplied nationwide, introduction of these standards has been twice delayed across the country.
Wagner urged that in parallel with resolving the fuel quality issue, China should commit to introducing these standards without any additional delays.
"Until China takes critical steps towards reducing emissions, poor average air quality and occasional 'crazy bad' episodes will continue," he said.
Opinion articles reflect the views of their authors, not necessarily those of Chinagate.cn.